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This may result in a complex view of one’s ingroup and a simplified view of an outgroup. People are also more interested in, and think more about, people who are more similar to themselves. In addition, there is a tendency for people to think that outgroup members are more similar to each other than different this is referred to as outgroup homogeneity (Linville & Fischer, 1998). In other instances, a stereotype can be formed by learning from an ingroup member who is perceived to be an expert or high-credibility source (Sternthal, Phillips, & Dholakia, 1978)(e.g., a parent or a teacher may profess to a child that boys are better than girls at math). People may observe a relationship between a group and a concept when no relationship actually exists-this is referred to as illusory correlation (Hamilton & Rose, 1980). Consequently, they form stereotypes of the group as a whole, based on these perceptions of the “average” outgroup member.Ī variety of psychological mechanisms are also associated with stereotype formation. Essentially, the model posits that people develop perceptions about how a typical person in an outgroup looks, thinks, or behaves. Although there are several theories that attempt to explain how stereotypes are formed, the prototype model has been most widely cited in research (Smith & Zarate, 1990). Stereotypes are formed in a social context through a combination of observing others, learning, and mental processes. There may be some validity to stereotypes, but they are often over-generalized or exaggerated and not a true reflection of reality. This illustrates how stereotypes are rarely completely true or completely fabricated. Although it is true that African Americans over-represent all people that live below poverty in the United States, the vast majority of African Americans actually live above the poverty line. For example, one commonly held stereotype in the United States is that African Americans are poor. Although this “kernel-of-truth” hypothesis (Prothro & Melikian, 1955) has been validated in some studies, it can be misleading. Some people have argued that stereotypes reflect truths about the realities that people face on a daily basis. Consequently, they lead to stereotypes that are hard to shake.” Validity of Stereotypes In it, he stated that the pictures in the press influence people’s perceptions of reality, and consequently, they develop their own stereotypes: “Whether right or wrong, our imagination is shaped by these pictures seen. The first common use of the word was in 1850 when dictionaries defined it as “an image perpetuated without change.” American journalist Walter Lippmann later coined a metaphor in 1922 while writing an editorial for Public Opinion. Originally, a stereotype was a duplicate impression of a typographical element used for printing newspapers. Etymologyįirmin Didot invented the word “stereotype” in the profession of the printing press during the late Eighteenth Century in France. Negative stereotypes are usually directed from a member of an ingroup to an outgroup. Although stereotypes can be positive or negative, a negative stereotype about a group often leads to prejudice (a negative judgment or unequal treatment toward a member of an outgroup). The Nazis configured the Jews, a stereotyped class, to be inhuman, allowing the Nazis to treat people they placed in that class inhumanely.A stereotype is a generalized belief about the qualities or characteristics of a particular group of people. A classic example of an us versus them mentality is the Holocaust. Once one feels as though someone else belongs to an outgroup, one has less difficulty treating that individual inhumanely. However, an us versus them mentality fostered by stereotyping can be used to justify horrible treatment of an outgroup. In line with the reasoning that describes heuristics, distinguishing oneself from others is a cognitively necessary step it allows us to develop a sense of identity. An ingroup is the group with which one identifies an outgroup is everyone else. In other words, the creation of an us versus them mentality divides the world into an ingroup and an outgroup. This view separates the social world into different categories and distinguishes others from oneself. \( \newcommand\)īy dividing the world into discrete categories by stereotyping, one is able to foster an us versus them mentality.